Ronilo O. De Castro, Satoshi Ohkura, Akemi Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Morita, Analyn P. Pudua, and Rommel C. Sulabo Received: January 16, 2019/ Revised: October 19, 2021/ Accepted: February 14, 2022 This experiment was conducted to determine the concentration of digestible (DE), metabolizable (ME), and net energy (NE), and to develop prediction equations for DE and ME in coconut co-products (CCP) fed to growing pigs. The CCP used were copra meal (CM), protein enriched copra meal (PECM), and white copra (WC) obtained from the different sources in the Philippines. Twenty-two growing barrows (PIC L337 × C24; initial BW 18.74 ± 0.91 kg) were individually housed in metabolism cages that allowed for a total but separated collection of feces and urine. Pigs were arranged in a replicated 11 × 3 Youden square design with 11 dietary treatments at three periods each. A basal diet that contained 96.26% corn, and ten additional diets consisting of 70% basal diet and 30% CCP were formulated. All diets ha...

Pham Thi Thu Ha, Truong Minh Tuan, Pham Thi Thu Hien, Tran Thi My Hiep, and Chau Thi Da Received: June 28, 2021/ Revised: December 14, 2021/ Accepted: January 15, 2022 Salt stress negatively affects crop survival, growth, development, and yield. Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is synthesized from salicylic acid (SA) which is a volatile organic compound that is responsible for inducing defense mechanisms in plants and also has a protective role in stress sensitivity. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of methyl salicylate (MeSA) on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of two rice varieties GRIS4 (G1) and GRIS5 (G2) under salt stress at the seedling stage. Five hundred seeds of each variety were treated with different doses of MeSA (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) and screening various salinity levels (0, 6, 8, 12, 15, and 17 dS m-1) at the seedling stage (21 days old). The different traits such as survival rates, morphological characteris...

Fernan T. Fiegalan, Cherry L. Ringor, and Tolentino B. Moya Received: November 13, 2020/ Revised: January 25, 2022/ Accepted: January 27, 2022 This study was undertaken to determine long-term soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation dynamics from added mango leaf litter (MLL) into tilled (MT) and non-tilled soil (MnT) through integrated field experiment (bio-physico-chemical edaphic properties) and system dynamics modeling. Field data shows that the coarse (Lf) and fine (Fn) fractions of SOM have no significant difference (p > 0.05) between MT and MnT during the dry season. In contrast, there is a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the Fn fraction between MT and MnT during the wet season. The total N, available P, exchangeable K, as well as the collembola, bacteria, and fungi in the soil were also assessed. Of these parameters, the available P and exchangeable K have a significant difference between the MnT and MT during the dry season. In comparison, the total N and collembol...

Nuntavun Riddech, Tiptida Kidtook, Natthawat Sritongon, and Jindarat Ekprasert Received: November 26, 2020/ Revised: December 17, 2021/ Accepted: February 15, 2022 In this study, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) were isolated from soil adhered to the roots of herbs. PGPR and PGPF isolates were selected for producing microbial inoculant as a starter culture for bio-fertilizer production. The screening of PGPR and PGPF was performed using the spread plate technique on the selected medium. Total plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) were composed of 72 isolates, nitrogen-fixing microorganisms: 39 isolates, phosphate-solubilizing: 11 isolates, and potassium-solubilizing: 22 isolates. Two bacterial isolates, S-K7-2 and S-P7-1, had the highest plant growth promoting abilities, and a fungus isolate, Di-K7-2, was able to produce the greatest amount of IAA, which was 45.17 μg IAA equivalent/ml. The isolates were tested on hairy basil ...

Mehrdad Arab-Aval and Hamid Reza Ganjali Received: May 20, 2021/ Revised: December 7, 2021/ Accepted: January 15, 2022 Recently, the use of silicon and bio-fertilizer has become important worldwide to improve the physicochemical characteristics of soil. Thus, they are used as an alternative approach to cope with the water-deficit stress on wheat plant. In this regard, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2017 and 2018 at Sistan and Baluchestan Research Station, Iran. In the present study, treatments included water-deficit stress (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from Class A pan) as the main plot, as well as the application of silicic acid (Si) foliar nutrition (0, 1, and 1.5 mM) and Nitro-Kara bio-fertilizer as sub-plots. The results represented the significant interaction effects of irrigation regimes, bio-fertilizer, and Si on 1000-grain weight and panicle number. In addition, t...

Aftab Alam, Muhammad Tariq, Jawad Ali, Rafiullah, Kamran Azeem, Abid Khan, Junaid Khan, Shah Fahad, Fazli Wahid, Muhammad Arif, Amanullah, Muhammad Romman, Muhammad Saeed, Abdul Basir, Shah Saud, Muhammad Zamin, Yousaf Jamal, Shahzad Ali, Muhammad Noor, and Muhammad Adnan Received: November 28, 2020/ Revised: December 23, 2021/ Accepted: February 14, 2022 A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the interactive effect of phosphorus (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and sulfur (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha-1) on yield, quality, and uptake of nutrients by tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.). The experiment was organized in a two-factorial randomized complete block design with three replications at Tobacco Research Station, Mardan, Pakistan in 2017-2018. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 improved tobacco leaf area (24.2%), green leaf weight (44.5%), cured leaf weight (44.7%), grade index (18.3%), nicotine (35.8%), sugar (12%), and P (24.5%) contents but decreased S content (35.3%) over contro...

Zeki Mut, Hasan Akay, Özge Doğanay Erbaş Köse, and İsmail Sezer Received: September 3, 2020/ Revised: October 15, 2021/ Accepted: February 15, 2022 Healthy foodstuffs, including functional foods, are the key component of a healthy and prosperous life. Oat grains are rich in protein, soluble dietary fiber, β-glucan, starch, oil, some vitamins and minerals, and thus accepted as a healthy foodstuff. This study was conducted to determine physical and chemical quality traits of many different oat landraces/cultivars. In this study, 251 local oat genotypes, collected from 10 provinces of Western and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey and four standard oat cultivars were grown over the experimental fields of the Agricultural Application and Research Center at Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs University for two years in an augmented experimental design. As a result of the research, the screenings percentage >2 mm ranged from 69.81 to 95.80%, thousand grain weight from 18.55 to 38.41 g, protein conte...

Marium Fatima, Asim Gulzar, Munir Ahmad, Farid Asif Sahen, Shia Ulla, Muhammad Tariq, and Muhammad AshFaq Received: April 19, 2019/ Revised: August 12, 2021/ Accepted: December 30, 2021 Insect pollination improves essential nutrients and qualities of pollinating plants. Approximately 90% of flowering plants and 35% of crops require insect pollination. Bees play a vital role in pollination in natural and agricultural systems. Managed bees have extensively been used for pollination. Unfortunately, the native bee population has been waning globally. Commercial bee-rearing experiences different rearing problems i.e. food, environment, and spatial conditions within colonies. In this research, the impact of different densities of workers within colonies of Bombus terrestris L. was observed on colony development and pest incidence. Different worker densities i.e. 60-70, 80-90,110-120 and 140-150, respectively, were maintained under controlled laboratory conditions. The results indicated th...

Ahmet Duran Çelik Received: March 1, 2021/ Revised: November 17, 2021/ Accepted: January 13, 2022 Agricultural production is subsidized at different levels depending on the country’s development status. The budget that was allocated for agricultural subsidies in Turkey in 2020 was around 22 billion TL (Turkish Lira) which was equal to 3.14 billion USD. In this study, the contribution of agricultural subsidies to product income and gross profit value was examined specifically on cotton as crop production and dairy cattle as animal production. According to the research results, agricultural subsidies increased production value by 30.70% in cotton and 4% in milk income. Those increased rates also significantly increased the gross profit values of the products. The results also indicate that enterprises sustain their existence with the income from subsidies, and that the income from production barely covers operating costs. It is necessary to allocate a sufficient budget for agric...

Dan Joseph C. Logronio, Joselito R. Somga, Maria Rowena R. Romana-Eguia, Sonia Somga, Demy Catedral, and Gonzalo Coloma Jr. Received: March 9, 2021/ Revised: January 17, 2022/ Accepted: January 18, 2022 This study aimed to expand current knowledge on TiLV genetic diversity by sequence analysis of a portion of genome segment 3 of TiLV detected from the Philippines. This includes a recently deposited sequence in GenBank (Accession No. LC504279) and six new sequences from cases of infection reported from 2017 to 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of 179 bp fragment of segment 3 showed that the seven TiLV isolates from the Philippines can be divided into three phylogenetic groups. When comparing all sequences, unique nucleotide substitutions and amino acids were noted among these groups. Variation in mortality rates in naturally infected samples was also observed; however, poor environmental conditions during the disease outbreak may also contribute to the mortalities. These suggest the presen...